Select the most correct answer.

1. In Late Triassic-Early Jurassic time, the eastern margin of North America ...

   1.   ?  had a deep-sea trench
   2.   ?  lay near the south pole and experienced severe glaciation
   3.   ?  was in the midst of the Taconic Orogeny
   4.   ?  was submerged in a shallow sea receiving carbonate sediments
   5.   ?  was the site of active rifting and deposition of non-marine rocks

2. Angiosperms first evolved during the ...

   1.   ?  Permian Period
   2.   ?  Triassic Period
   3.   ?  Jurassic Period
   4.   ?  Cretaceous Period
   5.   ?  Teritary Period

3. During the Mesozoic, mammals ...

   1.   ?  remained small nocturnal carnivores and scavengers
   2.   ?  became extinct
   3.   ?  had not yet evolved from mammal-like reptiles
   4.   ?  were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates
   5.   ?  got progressively smaller

4. The reef builders of the Upper Cretaceous were...

   1.   ?  rudist bivalves
   2.   ?  archaeocyathids
   3.   ?  stromatoporoids
   4.   ?  rugosan corals
   5.   ?  tabulate corals

5. Dinosaurs first appeared during the ________ Period

   1.   ?  Carboniferous
   2.   ?  Permian
   3.   ?  Triassic
   4.   ?  Jurassic
   5.   ?  Cretaceous

6. The opening of the Atlantic began during the ____________ Period

   1.   ?  Permian
   2.   ?  Eocene
   3.   ?  Cretaceous
   4.   ?  Pleistocene
   5.   ?  none of the above

7. Birds evolved from ...

   1.   ?  amphibians
   2.   ?  mammal-like reptiles
   3.   ?  "bird-hipped" dinosaurs
   4.   ?  "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs
   5.   ?  ichthyosaurs

8. which of the following is NOT considered a "typical" marine invertebrate during the Mesozoic Era

   1.   ?  crinoids
   2.   ?  bivalves
   3.   ?  crabs
   4.   ?  sea urchins
   5.   ?  snails

9. Which of the following times is not considered to be one of the five mass extinctions ?

   1.   ?  end-Permian
   2.   ?  end-Triassic
   3.   ?  end-Carboniferous
   4.   ?  end-Cretaceous
   5.   ?  end-Ordovician

10. The end-Permain mass extinction completly eliminated ...

    1.   ?  mammal-like reptiles
    2.   ?  dinosaurs
    3.   ?  trilobites
    4.   ?  ammonoid cephalopods
    5.   ?  all of the above

11. Which orogeny occurred the western margin of North America during the Cretaceous Period?

    1.   ?  Grenville
    2.   ?  Sevier
    3.   ?  Taconic
    4.   ?  Acadian
    5.   ?  Sonoma

12. During much of the Mesozoic a subduction zone was situated ...

    1.   ?  along the eastern coast of North America
    2.   ?  along the western margin of North America
    3.   ?  right through Cortland
    4.   ?  in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains near Denver Colorado
    5.   ?  there was no subduction anywhere near North America

13. The second stop on the field trip (Rose Hill) demonstrated

    1.   ?  Late Devonian shallow-water carbonates
    2.   ?  clastic sediments deposited in the Middle Devonian foreland basin
    3.   ?  Lower Devonain carbonate rocks deposited at or around sea level
    4.   ?  Middle Devonian deep-water carbonates marking the begining of a large Transgression
    5.   ?  none of the above

14. Therapod dinosaurs ....

    1.   ?  were bipedal herbivores
    2.   ?  were large quadrapedal herbivores
    3.   ?  were bipedal carnivores and scavangers
    4.   ?  heavily armoured quadrapedal herbivores
    5.   ?  none of the above

15. Which of the following have been cited as potential causes of the end-Permian mass extinction?

    1.   ?  exterterrestrial impact
    2.   ?  changes in ocean and atmospheric chemistry
    3.   ?  intense predation amongst dinosaurs and early mammals
    4.   ?  both A and B
    5.   ?  both B and C

16. The north-trending valleys around Cortland (as seen on the field trip and heard during the seminar) formed as a result of ...

    1.   ?  glacial activity during the Pleistocene
    2.   ?  glacial activity during the Eocene
    3.   ?  both glacial and fluvial activity during the Pleistocene
    4.   ?  both glacial and fluvial activity during the Pliocene
    5.   ?  none of the above

17. Which Period saw a dramtic diversification of fish?

    1.   ?  Silurian
    2.   ?  Devonian
    3.   ?  Carboniferous
    4.   ?  Permian
    5.   ?  Triassic

18. Among the best guide fossils found in marine rocks during the Mesozoic include

    1.   ?  ammonoid cephalopods
    2.   ?  tabulate corals
    3.   ?  lycopods
    4.   ?  trilobites
    5.   ?  placoderms

19. Which of the following is not a marine predator of the Mesozoic

    1.   ?  ichthyosaurs
    2.   ?  cephalopods
    3.   ?  mosasaurs
    4.   ?  fish
    5.   ?  clams

20. Which of the following provides evidence of ancient climates?

    1.   ?  oxygen isotopes
    2.   ?  the ratio of the length of a leaf margin to its surface area
    3.   ?  certain fossil organisms such as corals
    4.   ?  all of the above
    5.   ?  none of the above

21. Which of the following is NOT considered amongst the difficult problems associated with the evolutionary transition form life in the sea to life on land?

    1.   ?  breathing air
    2.   ?  reproduction
    3.   ?  locomotion
    4.   ?  dessication
    5.   ?  none of the above

22. The Mesozoic Era is comprised of what three geologic periods

    1.   ?  Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quaternary
    2.   ?  Permian, Triassic, Jurassic
    3.   ?  Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary
    4.   ?  Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene
    5.   ?  Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic

23. The Sonomia orogeny ...

    1.   ?  developed during the Cretaceous of what is now western North America
    2.   ?  developed during the Jurassic of what is now western Europe
    3.   ?  developed during the Triassic of what is now western North America
    4.   ?  developed during the Permian of what is now western North America
    5.   ?  developed during the Carboniferous of what is now eastern North America

24. Tectonostratigraphic terranes ...

    1.   ?  are large blocks of crust or island arcs
    2.   ?  were accreted to a continental mass
    3.   ?  includes such names as Wrangellia and Stikinia
    4.   ?  all of the above
    5.   ?  none of the above

25. The Devonian Period saw a dramatic increase in the diversity of ______

    1.   ?  fish
    2.   ?  trilobites
    3.   ?  marine reptiles
    4.   ?  dinosaurs
    5.   ?  bivalve mollusks

26. Amongst other things, mammals differ from reptiles in that...

    1.   ?  reptiles do not have amniote eggs
    2.   ?  no reptiles are known to give birth to live young
    3.   ?  mammals have body hair
    4.   ?  mammals can not live in cool climates
    5.   ?  none of the above

27. The Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway is an example of a(n)...

    1.   ?  rift basin
    2.   ?  forearc basin
    3.   ?  oceanic basin
    4.   ?  deep-sea trench
    5.   ?  foreland basin

28. Mammal-like reptiles has which kind of skull ...

    1.   ?  anapsid
    2.   ?  diapsid
    3.   ?  synapsid
    4.   ?  euryapsid
    5.   ?  none of the above

29. Archaeopteryx was ...

    1.   ?  a Cretaceous dinosaur
    2.   ?  a Triassic reptile
    3.   ?  a swimming reptile of the Mesozoic era
    4.   ?  a Cenozoic marine mammal
    5.   ?  none of the above

30. The location of the Chicxulub impact site, associated with the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, is …

    1.   ?  Northwestern Siberia
    2.   ?  Bombay, India
    3.   ?  Yucatan Shelf, Mexico
    4.   ?  Sudbury, Canada
    5.   ?  Crater Lake, Oregon

31. Mammals evolved from _____

    1.   ?  small bipedal theropod dinosaurs in the Triassic
    2.   ?  synapsid reptiles in the Triassic
    3.   ?  Small archosaur reptiles in the late Permian
    4.   ?  Primitive anapsid reptiles in the Carbonifersous
    5.   ?  none of the above

32. During Late Permian and especially the Triassic, the climate of Pangea was ...

    1.   ?  strongly affected by several seasonality
    2.   ?  mostly cold and humid
    3.   ?  mostly hot and arid
    4.   ?  experienced severe glaciations
    5.   ?  it is impossible to determine ancient climates from the rocks an dfossils from Pangea

33. The shift in the position of mountain building from a western position (near Nevada and Utah) eastward (near Colorado and Wyoming) during the late Cretaceous is thought by some to be caused by

    1.   ?  development of a new subduction zone along the Oregon coast
    2.   ?  more intense volcanic activity near Yellowstone
    3.   ?  the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact
    4.   ?  a shallowing of subduction angle of the downgoing slab of the Pacific plate
    5.   ?  Cenozoic rifting in the Basin and Range province